Association Between Parental Smoking Status and Adolescent Mental Health: Population-Based Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Adolescents' mental health problems significantly affect their long-term psychological and physical health. Although peer influence grows during adolescence, parental influence remains critical. Parental smoking is associated with behavioral problems in adolescents. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between parental smoking, particularly maternal smoking, and adolescents' mental health outcomes in South Korea, as research in this area is limited. Methods: We analyzed data from the nationwide Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2012 to 2017. A total of 2761 adolescents were included in the final analysis after excluding those with missing data. We used ANOVA and chi-square tests to compare adolescents' and parents' baseline characteristics and mental health. In addition, multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between parental smoking status and adolescents' mental health. Results: Our logistic regression analyses revealed that mothers' current smoking habits were significantly associated with their adolescents' cognitive stress (odds ratio [OR] 1.65, 95% CI 1.06-2.56), experiences of melancholy (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.20-3.65), and suicidal ideation (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.17-4.88). Furthermore, adolescents whose mothers were current smokers and had cognitive stress demonstrated higher cognitive stress (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.12-3.90), melancholy (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.10-4.71), and suicidal ideation (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.21-6.23) than those whose mothers were not smokers and had no cognitive stress. Conclusions: Efforts to improve adolescents' mental health require considering their mothers' smoking status and stress levels. This highlights the need to develop programs to enhance adolescent mental health, manage maternal stress, and promote smoking cessation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".