Effectiveness of vaccine dosing schedules for pneumococcal invasive disease in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) persists despite the effectiveness of 7-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). As the protection offered by different dosing regimens remains uncertain, we evaluated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) against vaccine-type (VT) IPD in children based on the number of vaccine doses. We searched MEDLINE/Embase/Web of Science/CENTRAL databases from January 2000 to December 2024 for studies on PCV7 and/or PCV13 VE against VT-IPD in children ≤18 years. VE estimates were recorded by vaccination status at IPD onset, classified into four groups (1) primary + booster group (1–3 primary doses <12 months of age plus 1 booster dose ≥12 months), (2) 1 primary dose group, (3) 2 primary doses group, and (4) 3 primary doses group (primary doses given <12 months of age and no booster). From 1982 studies, 25 studies were included, reporting 525 cases in the primary + booster group and 821 cases in the 1–3 primary dose(s) groups. Pooled VE from 14 studies was 94.4 % for the primary + booster group, and 66.8 %, 78.8 %, and 82.0 % for the 1-, 2-, and 3- primary dose(s) groups, respectively. Among VT-IPD breakthrough cases, serotype 19 A was most common (27.9 %), followed by 19F (20.5 %) and 3 (18.9 %). Sensitivity analyses showed a VE of ~95 % for the 2 + 1 and 3 + 1 schedules, versus 78.9 % for 3 + 0. Our findings strongly support schedules that include a booster dose, such as the 2 + 1 regimen, as an optimal strategy for preventing VT-IPD in children. • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are highly effective in preventing IPD in children. • A single primary dose is less effective than two or three primary doses. • Two primary doses provide similar protection to three primary doses. • The booster dose is critical for maximizing effectiveness against VT-IPD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".