Impact of Swiss Ball Exercises on Enhancing Core Stability and Physical Fitness in Athletes: A Narrative Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Swiss ball exercises have gained popularity in physical education and therapy because they improve core stability, muscular strength, flexibility, endurance, and balance. The Swiss ball is a multipurpose training and therapy item that enhances proprioception and engages a variety of muscle groups due to its dynamic and unstable nature. This review was conducted to investigate the uses of Swiss ball exercises in athletic training and rehabilitation, as well as their impact on physical fitness measures like core strength, agility, balance, flexibility, and endurance. A literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focussing on studies published between 2020 to 2024.This review summarises study including quasi-experimental and randomised controlled trials exploring the impact of Swiss ball exercises. The studies included male participants, primarily aged 18– 25 years, comprising students, untrained individuals, and athletes. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured physical fitness parameters, including core strength (McGill’s core endurance tests), agility (Illinois Agility Test), flexibility (sit-and-reach test), muscular strength, and endurance (dynamometry, push-ups, and crunches). Results were compared against control groups or traditional exercise regimens.Swiss ball activities, as opposed to conventional exercises or control groups, markedly increased muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, agility, and core strength. There was no improvement in leg strength, but there were noticeable gains in back strength. Circuit training combined with Swiss ball workouts produced further improvements in endurance and flexibility. These exercises improved proprioception and neuromuscular coordination by demonstrating superior stabilising muscle engagement. Exercises using Swiss balls are a great way to improve several aspects of physical fitness, including balance and core strength. Their ability to train proprioception and neuromuscular coordination makes them very promising for enhancing athletic performance and preventing injuries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".