Health risk and groundwater contamination by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wells and boreholes around the Okinni Osogbo service station, Osun State, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the levels and potential toxicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in underground water near a gas station within the Okinni locality, Osun State, Nigeria. Water samples from six locations were analysed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Low-molecular-weight PAHs, naphthalene, acenaphthene and acenaphthylene were undetected. However, 3-ring PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene) were found across most sites, exceedingthe maximum contamination level of 0.0002 µg/mL set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization (0-0.005 µg/mL). High molecular weight PAHs also surpassed the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment's water quality guideline threshold (1.5 × 10−5 – 5.8 × 10−3 µg/mL). The health risk revealed average toxicity values ranging from 2.6 × 10−4 to 1.8 × 10−3 for adults and 6.06 × 10−4 to 4.18 × 10−3 for children, indicating potential carcinogenic health risks. Given that the values exceeded acceptable limits (1.0 × 10-6). There is an urgent need for attention from relevant authorities to protect public health. The risks would be largely subject to ingestion frequency, duration, and individual vulnerability, emphasizing the need for prompt action to safeguard the health of the populace. The findings suggest a possible unacceptable health risk from exposure to PAHs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".