Health risk and groundwater contamination by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wells and boreholes around the Okinni Osogbo service station, Osun State, Nigeria
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the levels and potential toxicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in underground water near a gas station within the Okinni locality, Osun State, Nigeria. Water samples from six locations were analysed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Low-molecular-weight PAHs, naphthalene, acenaphthene and acenaphthylene were undetected. However, 3-ring PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene) were found across most sites, exceedingthe maximum contamination level of 0.0002 µg/mL set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization (0-0.005 µg/mL). High molecular weight PAHs also surpassed the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment's water quality guideline threshold (1.5 × 10−5 – 5.8 × 10−3 µg/mL). The health risk revealed average toxicity values ranging from 2.6 × 10−4 to 1.8 × 10−3 for adults and 6.06 × 10−4 to 4.18 × 10−3 for children, indicating potential carcinogenic health risks. Given that the values exceeded acceptable limits (1.0 × 10-6). There is an urgent need for attention from relevant authorities to protect public health. The risks would be largely subject to ingestion frequency, duration, and individual vulnerability, emphasizing the need for prompt action to safeguard the health of the populace. The findings suggest a possible unacceptable health risk from exposure to PAHs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it