Association Between Human Papillomavirus and Thymic Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Peng-Tzu Liu,1– 4 Wan-Lun Hsu,5,6 Tzu-I Chen,6 Chung-Ju Chiang,7 Mei-Hung Pan,8 Hui-Ling Lee,9 Chia-Chuan Wang,3 Chien-Jen Chen,8 Vinchi Wang,3,10 Yong-Chen Chen6,11 1Graduate Institute of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan; 2Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan; 3School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan; 4Department of Family Medicine, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 111, Taiwan; 5Master Program of Big Data in Biomedicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan; 6Data Science Center, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan; 7Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; 8Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; 9Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan; 10Department of Neurology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan; 11Post-Baccalaureate Program in Nursing, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, TaiwanCorrespondence: Vinchi Wang, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan, Tel +886-2-2905-3468, Fax +886-2-2905-2096, Email vwneur@yahoo.com.tw Yong-Chen Chen, Post-Baccalaureate Program in Nursing, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan, Tel +886-2-2905-2046, Fax +886-2-2905-2095, Email 137159@mail.fju.edu.twBackground: Thymic carcinoma is an uncommon malignancy with unclear etiology. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in multiple cancers, its potential association with thymic cancer remains poorly studied in large population-based cohorts. This study aimed to investigate the role of HPV in developing thymic cancer and the risk of different HPV genotypes on thymic cancer.Methods: We examined the longitudinal relationship between HPV infection and thymic cancer in a cohort of 10,558 women aged 30 to 65 years who were enrolled in 1991 or 1992 in Taiwan. Cervical cells collected at the beginning of this study were tested for 39 types of HPV. The incidence of newly developed thymic cancer was determined through a computerized linkage with the National Cancer Registry by using the topography code 164 for thymic cancer in the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition.Results: An increased risk of thymic cancer was associated with HPV infection, with an HR (95% CI) of 2.42 (0.62 to 9.38) after adjustment for age and body mass index. The level of risk was higher for infections with HPV types classified in the International Agency for Research on Cancer group 3, with an adjusted HR (95% CI) of 11.82 (2.51 to 55.70).Conclusion: This population-based cohort study provides longitudinal evidence that HPV infection may be associated with an increased risk of thymic cancer. While no significant overall association was observed, subgroup analysis revealed a notable association with HPV genotypes classified as IARC group 3. Additional studies are necessary to confirm the role of HPV in thymic carcinogenesis.Keywords: human papillomavirus, thymic cancer, cohort study
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".