The Value of Ultrasonography in Detecting the Deflection Angle and Deviation Distance of Conical Septum in Early Diagnosis of Fetal Conotruncal Heart Defects in Xinjiang, China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fengling Zhang,1 Wei Wei,2 Yonglin Chen,3 Bo Hu,4 Li Zhang,3 Zhaotang Lin,1 Muqing Niu,1 Shupei Ding,1 Fang Jiang,1 Hongbin Yang,5 Lian Mao,6 Jinyong Pan3 1Department of Pediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Pediatrics, Korla Hospital of The Second Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Korla, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of the Third Division, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Kashgar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jinyong Pan, Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China, Email 63620441@qq.comObjective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of conal septum deflection angle and deviation distance in the early ultrasonographic detection of fetal conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) in Xinjiang, China.Methods: Between January 2021 and December 2024, a total of 80 fetuses with CTDs and 80 gestational age–matched healthy controls were enrolled from three tertiary centers. Three-dimensional fetal echocardiography was performed to measure the conal septum deflection angle and maximum deviation distance in the anterior–posterior (AP), left–right (LR), and up–down (UD) orientations. Group comparisons were conducted among tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), double outlet right ventricle (DORV), transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA), and controls using Welch’s ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and post hoc pairwise analyses.Results: Both TOF and DORV groups exhibited significantly larger AP and LR deflection angles than controls (P< 0.001), whereas D-TGA showed increased AP angle but no significant LR difference (P≈0.30). UD angles were significantly smaller in all CTD subtypes compared with controls (all P< 0.001). Deviation distances followed similar trends, with DORV presenting the largest AP and LR displacement (32.50 ± 3.07 mm and 31.73 ± 3.83 mm, respectively), significantly greater than TOF and D-TGA (all P< 0.001). Hedges’ g indicated very large effect sizes for AP displacement in DORV (g = 15.29) and TOF (g = 7.90).Conclusion: Quantitative assessment of conal septum deflection angle and deviation distance reveals distinct geometric signatures among CTD subtypes, with DORV showing the most pronounced abnormalities. Three-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of these parameters provides a reproducible and sensitive approach for early CTD detection, facilitating accurate prenatal diagnosis and perinatal management planning.Keywords: fetal echocardiography, conotruncal heart defects, conal septum deflection, prenatal diagnosis, three-dimensional ultrasound
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".