Borago officinalis L. as an important source of natural aromatic compounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Borage is planted for medicinal and culinary purposes and is also grown commercially to produce borage seed oil, high in GLA (γ-linolenic acid), which is used as a natural flavouring, food, and nutritional supplement. Borage antioxidants have potential in skin health products as UV absorbing components. The borage essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation contains important amounts of the valuable aroma compound 2.6 nonadienal (NDAL). Borage is grown mainly in Europe (England, the Netherlands) and in the United States (mostly in North Dakota) and Canada for commercial seed production. Seven varieties of borage were evaluated in the experiment. The average plant height ranged from 701 to 765 mm (locality Piešt’any). The leaves of borage are characterised by a ground rosette at the base, the lower leaves with petioles 20-80 mm long are mostly elliptic, entire edged. The leaf characteristics were described: leaf length 115,6-166,0 mm, leaf width 69,9-99,4 mm, leaf circumference 311,4-450,5 mm and leaf area 5403-11426 mm2. Borage flowers - predominantly large, long-stalked, 15-30 mm in diameter, mostly blue in colour, except for genotype 7/17 which had white flowers. 1000-seed weight varied 13.6-15.2 g. The evaluation of yield-forming elements, the average weight of fresh biomass per plant was quantified at 520 g (locality Piešt’any) and 243-295 g (locality Plavnica), the average weight of biomass of dry plant was 115 g with a drying ratio of 4.52:1. The concentration of NDAL obtained from borage biomass ranged from 8.24-10.97 mg NDAL/kg for flower and 3.83-8.55 mg NDAL/kg for leaves, depending on the phenophase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".