Angiogenesis and Immunosuppressive Niche in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Reshaping Vascular - Immune Axis to Potentiate antiPD - 1/PD - L1 Therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wei Li, Gen-Cong Li, Cui-Song Luo, Qiang-Feng Yu, Min Cui The Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wei Li, Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), No. 79 Kangning Road, Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China, Email derekweil@163.comAbstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and its complex tumor microenvironment (TME) presents significant challenges for the treatment of this disease. In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most successful strategies in cancer treatment, especially for advanced HCC. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors have moderate efficacy as monotherapies for HCC. Tumor angiogenesis, a crucial factor in tumor growth and proliferation, plays a pivotal role in the immune regulation of HCC. The vascular and immune microenvironments of solid tumors engage in dynamic reciprocal crosstalk, forming a complex vascular–immune axis that critically shapes antitumor immune responses and drives therapy resistance. The high degree of angiogenesis observed in HCC leads to abnormal vascular structure and function, which not only promotes tumor growth but also induces hypoxia and acidosis within the TME, thereby suppressing the immune response through various mechanisms. Given the regulatory role of tumor blood vessels in the immune system, the integration of antiangiogenic therapy into current immunotherapy approaches provides a novel treatment option. This integration involves the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, improvements in the TME, and enhancements of the immune response, among other mechanisms. This review summarizes the angiogenic mechanisms of HCC, the clinical applications of immunotherapy and the regulatory effects of angiogenesis on the immune response in HCC.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, angiogenesis, tumor microenvironment, PD-1/PD-L1, immunotherapy
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".