Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bombus caliginosus (Frison, 1927), nomen protectum Bombus flavifrons Smith, 1866, in Lord, 1866: 343 (appendix) [♀]. Preoccupied, not Bombus flavifrons Cresson, 1863. Neotype: ♀ (designated here; Fig. 1). Canada, British Columbia, Vancouver Island, Victoria [Island], Butchart Gardens, 30 May 1973, by S. Gittelman [American Museum of Natural History, no. AMNH_BEE 00120464]. Bombus columbicus Dalla Torre, 1890: 139. Replacement name for Bombus flavifrons Smith, 1866. Nomen oblitum. Bremus caliginosus Frison, 1927: 376 [♂]. Syn. nov. Holotype: ♂. USA, California, Arcata, 16 September 1920, by C. D. Duncan [Illinois Natural History Survey, no. 179514]. Bremus caliginosus var. tardus Frison, 1927: 380 [♂]. Synonymy of Bremus caliginosus Frison, 1927 by Stephen (1957: 100). Holotype: ♂. USA, California, Carmel, 20 July 1921, by L. S. Slevin [California Academy of Sciences no. 2438]. Remark. The original description of Bombus flavifrons Smith was of a female with a body length of 8 ½ lines (ca 18 mm), consistent with the neotype selected here (Fig. 1). Diagnosis. Females of B. caliginosus have a longer malar space (length: width = 0.90, Fig. 2 a) than those of B. vosnesenskii (length: width = 0.71, Fig. 2 b) and in many specimens sternum 4 of the former has a weak apical (posterior) band of pale hairs, at least laterally (Thorp et al. 1983; Williams et al. 2014) (Fig. 1 d), though as cautioned by Williams et al. (2014) this is also true for some specimens of B. vosnesenskii. Williams et al. (2014) also noted that tergum 4 of B. caliginosus often has some dark hairs basally, especially medially, while in B. vosnesenskii the black hairs are lacking, or few. Stephen (1957) noted that the relative lengths of flagellomeres 1 and 3 also differed, flagellomere 1 longer than 3 (3: 2) in B. caliginosus, but the lengths are subequal in B. vosnesenskii. Williams et al. (2014) made note of the size differences of punctures on the apical margin of the clypeus, being small in B. caliginosus, but large in B. vosnesenskii. Males of the two species can be also distinguished by the relative lengths of flagellomeres 1 and 3, the lengths being subequal in B. caliginosus, but flagellomere 1 shorter than 3 in B. vosnesenskii (Stephen 1957; Thorp et al. 1983). The males also differ in the shape of the apical recurved portion of the penis-valve head, narrowing apically in B. vosnesenskii, but remaining subparallel in B. caliginosus (Stephen 1957; Williams et al. 2014). Thorp et al. (1983) also provided illustrations noting differences in the shapes of sterna 7 and 8, the latter gradually narrowing apically (i. e., triangular) in B. caliginosus (their fig. 63), while widely truncate apically in B. vosnesenskii, with the lateral margins subparallel to base of process (their fig. 72).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".