Archaeogeophysical and satellite image investigation of Early Bronze- and Iron Age water management structures at Bisya, Oman
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies of the location, function, and chronology of ancient hydraulic systems are crucial to understanding human adaptation to arid lands. Integrated archaeogeophysics are essential methods to document these buried, little visible and very extended structures. Such systems for water catchment and management (e.g., aflaj) were likely used for irrigation and made it possible to maintain sustainable occupation from the earliest oasis sites until recent times. Here we report on archaeogeophysical field investigation that was carried out near Bisya, Oman, where two major wadis converge in a plain that had been a fertile oasis at least since the Bronze and Iron ages until the Islamic period. The first implementation, extent and chronology of such water management system is still little known, as well as the functional purpose of different identified round structures, especially in relation to the known decline in water abundancy in various historical periods. At Al-Dhabi site, a discovery of ditches was made with Geomagnetics and Georadar, later confirmed by excavations. At Fell site, a channel could be identified by Georadar. Geomagnetics revealed the existence of an elongated structure with one circular side, further connected channels and a second area twice encircled by magnetic anomalies. At Salut site, Geomagnetics confirmed the existence of ditches, that surround the elliptical structure, and a strong anomaly indicates the location of the central well. All anomalies are related to the contrast between the formerly water-logged fine sediments in the channels and ditches, the bulding material of deteriorated mud bricks and calcrete rocks.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".