Computational Fluid Dynamics of a Control Valve with Three-stage Perforated Cages under Varying Perforation Size Distributions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to confirm, through experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, the flow characteristics of a control valve with a three-stage perforated cage and to evaluate the flow state from the CFD visualization results.The control valve evaluated in this study was a size 2-inch perforated cage valve.We used a 3D metal printer to create two types of cages with different resistances in the first or second stage.The flow coefficient Cv was calculated from three differential pressure conditions, and the liquid pressure recovery factor FL was calculated from the maximum differential pressure.We calculated and compared the flow characteristics, Cv and FL, obtained from experiments and CFD analysis to confirm the validity of the CFD analysis model used in this study.We visualized the pressure distribution, velocity distribution, and void fraction obtained from the CFD analysis.The visualization results showed that the perforations in the first and second stages had non-choked turbulent flows with no cavitation, whereas perforations in the third stage had cavitation at the inlet of the perforations.We found that cavitation in the third stage could be suppressed by increasing the resistance of the first stage rather than increasing the resistance of the second stage.Specifically, increasing the resistance of the first stage reduced cavitation by 40% compared to increasing the resistance of the second stage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".