Techno-economic analysis of a combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system for a Canadian solar community as a retrofit
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study proposes technological improvements to the Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC) through a retrofit energy system integrating an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and heat pump (HP) to meet year-round demands: district heating (DH), district cooling (DC), domestic hot water (DHW), and borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) charging. Seasonal combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system for summer and combined heating and power (CHP) system for winter operations are financially modeled, yielding a simple payback period of 25.8 years and a discounted payback period of 35 years at 3 % discount rate. The levelized cost of energies (LCOE) are 1.02 US$/kWh for DHW, 0.99 US$/kWh for DH, and 1.38 US$/kWh for DC. Major technological improvements include: 1) elimination of excess heat rejection from solar loop improving solar energy utilization, 2) generation of electricity through an ORC leading to potential grid independence, and 3) elimination of natural gas consumption reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The proposed system delivers a net annual electricity output of 15,773 kWh, offsets 33.2 tons of GHG emissions, and saves C$5,644/year in carbon tax by 2030.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".