Built environment's main and moderating associations with travel mode choice across trip purposes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Limited research has simultaneously investigated both the main and moderating effects of the built environment on transport mode choice across various trip types. To fill this gap, we estimate the parameters of cross-classified random intercept and random slope logit models employing Bayesian inference. We use data on 97,564 trips taken by 76,819 residents of Montreal, Canada, and develop three models to analyze three specific types of trips: commuting, school, and non-work. Our results show that the built environment of a neighborhood affects the likelihood of car travel, not just among its residents but also among visitors. For instance, doubling the POI density of a neighborhood has a dual effect: a 2.60 % reduction in the likelihood of residents opting for a car for non-work travel, and a 4.20 % decrease for those traveling to the neighborhood for non-work purposes. The built environment also moderates the effect of sociodemographic variables on mode choice; for instance, though higher-income individuals generally tend to use their automobiles to commute, public transit or proximity to downtown reduces their use of private cars. The estimated main impact of the built environment is relatively homogeneous for commuting and non-work journeys but slightly different for school trips.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".