Bibliographic record
Abstract
Manduca rustica cubana (Wood, 1915) General distribution. Cuba and Dominican Republic Distribution in the DR. Widespread throughout the country (Fig 1. B). Habitat. A regular species on the coast, much more common in wooded areas, at low and medium elevations. Host plants. The caterpillar consumes a very large range of plants from the following families: Verbenaceae, Boraginaceae, Solanaceae, Bignoniaceae, Convolvulaceae, Oleaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Aquifoliaceae and Nyctaginaceae. Material examined. Hodecek: Valle Nuevo National Park: 18°53'00"N 70°33'56.5"W, 660 m, 7/2021, 7 ♂, leg. J. Hodecek; Valle Nuevo National Park: 18°53'10"N 70°33'44"W, 650 m, 6/2023, 3 ♂, leg. J. Hodecek; Jaragua National Park: 17°47'32"N 71°27'38"W, 123 m, 5/2024, 1 ♂, leg. J. Hodecek; Valle Nuevo National Park: 18°53'00"N 70°33'56.5"W, 660 m, 5/2024, 1 ♂, leg. J. Hodecek; La Romana caves: 18°22'22"N 68°48'48"W, 5 m, 5/2024, 1 ♂, leg. J. Hodecek. Haxaire: Pedernales, trail from Pedernales to Los Arroyos pk 6: 18°07'28"N 71°43'33"W, 367 m, 12/08/2007, 3 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. Jean Haxaire & Odile Paquit; Hydroelectric Plant Hoyo de Piño, Monseñor Noel, Bonao: 18°52'59"N 70°29'55"W, 399 m, 13/04/2016, 2 ♂, leg. Jean Haxaire; Hydroelectric Plant Hoyo de Piño, Monseñor Noel, Bonao: 18°52'59"N 70°29'55"W, 453 m, 19/02/2017, 1 ♀, leg. J. Haxaire & Odile Paquit; Loma de Blanco, before the Hydroelectric Plant Hoyo de Piño, Monseñor Noel, Bonao: 18°53'05"N 70°30'11"W, 420 m, 27/02/2019, 4 ♂, leg. J. Haxaire & Odile Paquit. Remarks Assigning specimens from the Dominican Republic to one or another subspecies of M. rustica is challenging. All M. rustica from Canada to Argentina fall under the same DNA barcode BIN, AAA4569 (BOLD Systems, accessed April 2025). However, populations from the Caribbean, comprising specimens from Jamaica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and the Lesser Antilles, form a slightly distinct cluster. They cannot be distinguished by their barcodes but they differ in habitus. The population from the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Martinique), Manduca rustica harterti (Rothschild, 1894), reaches notably large sizes and the forewing upperside has a greyish coloration with little contrast, often tending toward beige in older specimens (Fig 8. C). The Jamaican population is somewhat similar but smaller and more contrasting, and the Cuban population, M. rustica cubana (Wood, 1915), is also small but displays a striking black-and-white pattern (Fig 8. A). The Dominican Republic population was described by Gehlen (1928) as M. rustica dominicana because although it shared the same pattern it was larger than specimens from Jamaica. However, Carcasson & Heppner (1996) treated dominicana as a junior synonym of cubana, a decision with which Kitching & Cadiou (2000) concurred after study of specimens in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London, and the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh. These authors noted that size alone is not always reliable and that some Cuban specimens are as large as those from the Dominican Republic. Haxaire (2016) also treated the Dominican Republic populations as subspecies cubana. While we could accept that viewpoint, our current perspective is that if harterti is maintained as a separate subspecies on the Lesser Antilles, it would be almost equally justifiable to revalidate subspecies dominicana for the Dominican Republic, as it is indeed generally larger than its Cuban counterparts (Fig 8. B). However, for now, we will continue to treat Dominican Republic insects as subspecies cubana, but revalidation of subspecies dominicana is an option that we will consider in future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".