Received; accepted Revised text submitted to the Astrophysical Journal Letters 'Using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hubble Space Telescope images of HK Tauri reveal that the companion star in this 2.4 ” (340 AU) pre-main sequence binary system is an entirely nebulous object at visual wavelengths. HK Tau/c appears as two elongated reflection nebulosities separated by a dark lane. Near-infrared adaptive optics observations made at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope show a similar morphology, and no directly visible star at X 5 2.2 pm. HE ( Tau/c is strikingly similar to scattered light models of an optically thick circumstellar disk seen close to edge-on, and to the HST images of HH 30 (Burrows et al. 1996). HE ( Tau/c is therefore the first disk to be clearly resolved around an individual star in a young binary system. The disk properties have been constrained by fitting model reflection nebulae to the HST images. The disk has a radius of 105 AU, inclination of about 5”, scale height of 3.8 AU at T = 50 AU, and is flared. The absence of a point source in the near-IR requires Av> 50 mag toward the unseen central star. The thickness of the dark lane establishes a disk mass near lop4 Ma (w 0.1 M J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ of dust and gas, if the dust grains have interstellar properties and remain fully mixed vertically. With the observed disk radius equal to only 1/3 the projected separation of the binary, there is a strong possibility that tidal truncation of the circumsecondary disk has occurred in this system.-3-1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.705 | 0.467 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".