DWARF SPERM WHALE (Kogia sima): Western North Atlantic Stock Western North Atlantic Stock
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) appears to be distributed worldwide in temperate to tropical waters (Caldwell and Caldwell 1989). There are no stranding records for the east Canadian coast (Willis and Baird 1998). Sightings of these animals in the western North Atlantic occur in oceanic waters (Mullin and Fulling 2003; NMFS unpublished data). Dwarf sperm whales and pygmy sperm whales (K. breviceps) are difficult to differentiate at sea (Caldwell and Caldwell 1989, Wursig et al. 2000), and sightings of either species are often categorized as Kogia sp. There is no information on stock differentiation for the Atlantic population. Duffield et al. (2003) propose using the molecular weights of myoglobin and hemoglobin, as determined by blood or muscle tissues of stranded animals, as a quick and robust way to provide species confirmation. Using hematological as well as stable-isotope data, Barros et al. (1998) speculated that dwarf sperm whales may have a more pelagic distribution than pygmy sperm whales, and/or dive deeper during feeding bouts. Diagnostic morphological characters have also been useful in distinguishing the two Kogia species (Barros and Duffield 2003), thus enabling researchers to use stranding data in distributional and ecological studies.. Specifically, the distance from the snout to the center of the blowhole in proportion to the animal’s total length, as well as the height of the dorsal fin, in proportion to the animal’s total length, can be used to differentiate between the two Kogia species when such measurements are obtainable (Barros and Duffield
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".