British Columbia mosquitoes as vectors of West Nile virus. [http://www.sfu.ca/~belton/summary.pdf
Bibliographic record
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNv) is transmitted between birds and mammals and maintained in endemic areas by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). It is occasionally found in reptiles and amphibia. Bird-biting species in the culicine group (Culex, Culiseta, Aedes/Ochlerotatus) evidently amplify the virus in endemic areas of Africa, S. Europe and W. Asia, and since 1999 in N. America. Mosquitoes develop in water, many of them, including most Anopheles, Culex and Culiseta species, have several generations a year, and almost all of these overwinter as mated but unfed adult females. WNv has been identified in a few males and overwintering females and it may therefore pass from adult ovary to egg. The virus has been isolated from over 80 species of mosquito world wide since its discovery in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937. It may multiply to a greater or lesser extent in the body cavity of infected mosquitoes and the virus must then migrate to their salivary glands ready to be injected into a host, if and when the mosquito takes a second blood meal. This, together with the biology of the species, leads to a scale of ‘vector competence’. Turell et al. (2005) ranked 25 potential WNv vectors with ratings from ++++ to 0 competence, and the Center for Disease Control lists another 27 North American species known to carry the virus (positive, indicated with a P in my table below) (CDC 2004, 2005). We have about 50 different species of mosquitoes in BC (Belton 1983) and I arbitrarily rated those included by CDC following Turell's criteria (taking into account their biology and ability to transmit other viruses), with a question mark for the species Turell et al. (2005) did not rate. I include the competent virus vector Aedes togoi, not yet studied in detail, but which is found commonly in rockpools around Georgia Strait and on Gulf Islands here and in WA. At the time of writing (May 2007), WNv has not been identified in any resident host in our Province.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.049 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".