THE PERFORMANCE OF IMMIGRANTS IN SELECTED CANADIAN CITIES∗ By
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper uses two cross-sections drawn from the 1991 and 1996 Canadian censuses to analyze the earnings performance of immigrants in selected Canadian CMAs. With the exception of immigrant men arriving between 1981-85 and residing in large CMAs, the results show positive rates of assimilation for all arrival cohorts in all three CMA levels and for both sexes. Furthermore, immigrants living in smaller or medium sized CMAs enjoyed a much higher rate of assimilation (relative to the native-born), compared to their counterparts living in large CMAs. Finally, the estimates of true assimilation captured by the within-cohort earnings growth estimates were much lower than that predicted by the pure cross-sectional estimate. This is especially true for the immigrant men sample. The implication of this result is that the cross-sectional growth underestimates the number of years that it will take recent immigrants living in these CMAs to overtake their native-born counterparts. PRELIMINARY DRAFT (not to be cited without the author’s permission)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".