Bibliographic record
Abstract
The importance of private property rights in a market economy is widely understood. Property rights play a critical role in motivating and organizing economic activity, and in adjudicating disputes. The free exchange of private property is credited with facilitating coopera-tion among individuals with widely varying interests, and encouraging adaptation to changing circumstances. Secure rights are also valuable because they increase confidence in returns and strengthen incentives to invest, fuelling economic growth. As summed up by one legal scholar, “It is generally agreed that a system of pri-vate property helps to bring about economic prosperity” (Sunstein, 1993: 911). Less commonly appreciated is the role property rights play in protecting the environment. Secure property rights provide both powerful incentives for the preser-vation of natural resources and effective tools to resolve differences over resource use. Although the Canadian judiciary has traditionally been committed to protecting property rights, few governments (federal or provincial) have acknowledged the importance of such rights or have allowed them to thrive. Indeed, successive govern-ments have systematically overridden property rights to the detriment of both the economy and the environ-ment. Because of their economic and environmental value, environmental policies that restore, protect, and strengthen property rights are likely to create consider-able benefits. Other chapters in this book address the merits of establishing property rights in natural resources. This chapter focuses on the need to restore the common-law property rights that have empowered people to protect the quality of their air, land, and water for centuries. Although it proposes a number of means to this end, it advocates one principal reform: the enshrining of
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.548 | 0.328 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".