Printed in Great Britain Five-Decade International Trends in the Relation of Perinatal Mortality and Congenital Malformations: Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Compared
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relation between long-term temporal trends in stillbirth and neonatal death rates and the congenital malformation frequencies in such deaths were analysed, using data from hospital-based European, USA, and Canadian reports pub-lished from 1950. In the last 50 years the overall perinatal mortality rate has fairly steadily improved, decreasing by 65-80%. This was accomplished by the control of some serious problems of early life. However lingering disorders form an ever larger proportion of the causes of perinatal mortality. Among the most prominent of these are congenital malformations, accounting for nearly 30 % of perinatal deaths at present. However, this figure conceals important differences between stillbirths and early neonatal deaths. For example, although stillbirth and early neonatal mortality rates have decreased to similar extents during these years, congenital malformations, which were almost equally fre-quent causes of death in both of them at the beginning of this period, are now about twice as common in early neonatal (one week) deaths as in stillbirths. Other differences between them are in birthweight-related malformation fre-quencies and in characteristic arrays of malformations. The significance of these patterns and of some geographical variations, and the likelihood of continuing improvement in the stillbirth and early neonatal mortality rates are discussed. In the last 50 years the importance of congenital mal-formations as causes of perinatal death has risen in the
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.043 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".