Evolution of IncA/C blaCMY-2-Carrying Plasmids by Acquisition of the
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The blaNDM-1 gene has been reported to be often located on broad-host-range plasmids of the IncA/C type in clinical but also environmental bacteria recovered from the NewDelhi, India, area. IncA/C-type plasmids are the main vehicles for the spread of the cephalosporinase gene blaCMY-2, frequently identified in the United States, Canada, and Europe. In this study, we completed the sequence of IncA/C plasmid pNDM-KN carrying the blaNDM-1 gene, recovered from a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Kenya. This sequence was compared with those of three IncA/C-type reference plasmids from Escherichia coli, Yersinia ruckeri, and Photobacterium damselae. Comparative analysis showed that the blaNDM-1 gene was located on a widely diffused plasmid scaffold known to be responsible for the spread of blaCMY-2-like genes and consequently for resistance to broad-spectrum cepha-losporins. Considering that IncA/C plasmids possess a broad host range, this scaffold might support a large-scale diffusion of the blaNDM-1 gene among Gram-negative rods. The blaNDM-1 genewas initially identified inKlebsiella pneumoniaeand Escherichia coli isolates but has since been reported formany different enterobacterial species and alsoAcinetobacter baumannii (7, 14–16, 19, 29, 32). Noteworthy, the blaNDM-1 gene was most often reported tobe carriedonplasmids in enterobacterial species,whereas it was chromosomally carried in A. baumannii (14). In particular, it has been often reported to be carried on IncA/C-type plasmids, as
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".