1 CHINA’S ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: HOW FAST HAS GDP GROWN; HOW BIG IS IT COMPARED WITH THE USA?*
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the past two decades, China has been the world’s fastest growing economy. In 1982, it overtook Germany as the world’s third largest economy; in 1992, overtook Japan as the second biggest economy. In 2003 its GDP was about 73 per cent of that in the USA. It seems likely that it will overtake the USA, and become number one before 2020. The above estimates were made by converting China’s GDP and that of the other countries in their national currencies, using a PPP (purchasing power parity) converter, rather than the exchange rate. As the Chinese currency is greatly undervalued, the difference between PPP and exchange rate conversion is unusually large. With exchange rate conversion, Chinese GDP appears to have been only 15 per cent of that in the USA in 2003. Very frequently, there is significant error in assessing China’s comparative performance when such exchange rate comparisons are used. This happens in journalism, in political discourse and also amongst some economists who regard Japan as the second largest economy although it now has a GDP less than half the Chinese. In 2003, German GDP was about a quarter of that in China. Estimation of the PPP converter for China is described in Maddison (1998)
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it