Epidemiology: During the past 15 years, more than 52 500 Canadians committed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
suicide.1 Despite this toll, which is almost 20 % higher than Canada’s total number of battle deaths during World War II, suicide remains a hidden epidemic. Peo-ple kill themselves for many complex and intangible reasons, but society is far less willing to talk openly about the issue. French sociologist Emile Durkheim was the first academic to throw back the curtain on these private acts and reveal their social patterns. He identified asso-ciations between rates of suicide and lev-els of social integration in certain popu-lations and concluded that increased community involvement reduces suici-dal risk. One hundred years later that observation continues to influence and inform effective suicide-prevention and community-intervention programs. Despite gains in insight and method-ology, since the 1970s there has been an almost universal upward trend in suicide rates, particularly among young men. In 1996 the World Health Organization and the United Nations urged member nations to address the growing problem of suicide and provided guidelines for the formulation and implementation of national prevention strategies.2 In 1997 a 15-nation survey identified only 5 coun-tries (Australia, Finland, New Zealand, Norway and Sweden) that had compre-hensive national strategies. At the time, the United States had a limited program and Canada fell alongside Austria, Den-mark, Germany and Japan as countries that were not taking action nationally.3 The US Surgeon General recently announced a comprehensive national strategy for suicide prevention, identify-ing suicide as a critical public health pri-ority.4 Canadians might do well to pay heed. In the 1970s Canadian suicide rates overtook US rates, and they have remained consistently higher.4 In 1997 the Canadian suicide rate was 12.3 per 100 000 population,5 but it jumped to about 30 per 100 000 among young men aged 20–29 and elderly men aged 75 and over. Among Canada’s First Nations, suicide rates are 3 to 4 times higher than the rate in the general population.6,7 Sui-cide follows motor vehicle accidents as the second leading cause of death among Canadian youths aged 10–19, accounting for 19.5 % of deaths in this group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".