Why Increasing Poverty and Low Income Threatens Canadians ’ Health and Health Care System When Social Policy is
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Health Policy Concerns about increasing numbers of Canadians living in poverty and on low incomes have primarily been raised by the social development and social welfare sectors (Yalnizyan, 1998). The health-related consequences of these increases are profound yet the public health and health care communities have been strangely silent concerning these issues (Raphael, 2000a). This is surprising as accumulating evidence indicates that poverty and low income have significant effects upon the health of populations (Raphael, 2001b). The current policy environment in Canada is one where increases in numbers of Canadians living in poverty and on low incomes are not seen by policy makers as particularly problematic. Yet such increases clearly threaten the health of Canadians and the sustainability of the Canadian health care system. In an earlier paper in CRSP, an overview of health-related effects of income inequality—including increasing poverty and low income—was presented (Raphael, 1999). Here, the health-related threats posed to Canadians by increasing levels of poverty and low income are illustrated through the specific example of cardiovas-cular disease in Canada (Raphael, 2001c). Mechanisms by which poverty and low income contribute to the incidence of cardiovascular disease are outlined. The social and health policy implications of having increasing numbers of Canadians living in poverty and on low incomes are considered with a focus on the sustainability of the public health care system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".