JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY / MAY 2000 Boatswain, Lalonde / BLACK IDENTITY IN CANADA Social Identity and Preferred Ethnic/ Racial Labels for Blacks in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A number of studies conducted in the United States have found that Black and Afri-can American are the preferred labels for ethnic/racial self-designation by Blacks. The purpose of this study was to assess which labels were preferred (and disliked) by a sample of Black Canadian students (N = 101), as well as to uncover the per-sonal meanings of their preferred labels. In addition, the relationships between la-bel preferences and measures of ethnic/racial identity developed in America (Afri-can Self-Consciousness Scale, Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale) and Canada (York Ethnic Identification Scale) were examined. Although Black was the most preferred label, the following four types of preferred labels were identified: Black, Africentric, Caribbean, and Canadian. Different label preferences were associ-ated with different measures of social identity. Issues of social identity and eth-nic/racial self-designation for Blacks in Canada are discussed. The process of social identification and group labeling for North Ameri-cans of African descent is an evolving one that has been studied by a number of researchers. All of this research, however, has been conducted within the United States, and it is not clear whether findings from such studies would generalize to other countries such as Canada. The purpose of this study was to examine social identity and self-labeling in a sample of Black Canadians. The evolution of racial labels in America has been reviewed by Smith (1992; see also Smitherman, 1991). In his article, Smith traces the evolution of labels from Colored to Negro to Black to the more contemporary African American. As Smith shows, this latter label is currently the label of choice for organizations representing Blacks in the United States and is being used with AUTHORS ’ NOTE: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Richard N.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".