CIRPÉE Centre interuniversitaire sur le risque, les politiques économiques et l’emploi Cahier de recherche/Working Paper 02-05 Using a Canadian-American Natural Experiment to Study Relative Efficiencies of Social Welfare Payment Systems1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
at the University of Maine) for their financial support. Marceau thanks Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for its financial support. Errors are the authors ’ responsibility. Résumé: Nous étudions l’impact de la mécanique des paiements d’aide sociale, et en particulier leur concentration dans le temps, sur les prix des denrées alimentaires que se procurent les bénéficiaires de l’aide sociale. Nous présentons tout d’abord un modèle théorique dans lequel les individus ayant des revenus relativement plus faibles s’avèrent être relativement moins mobiles. Il en découle que lorsque leurs consommateurs deviennent plus pauvres (cela se produit lorsque les bénéficiaires de l’aide sociale ont épuisé leur prestation mensuelle), les marchands locaux de denrées alimentaires exercent un plus grand pouvoir de marché, ce qui se traduit par des prix plus élevés. Nous vérifions ce résultat théorique à l’aide d’une expérience naturelle qui nous est offerte grâce à la plus grande concentration dans le temps des paiements d’aide sociale à Montréal (Québec, Canada) qu’à Bangor (Maine, USA). Nous trouvons que: i) Les prix des denrées diminuent de manière significative lors de la semaine pendant laquelle les paiements d’aide sociale sont faits; ii) Les prix
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.052 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".