Essential Policy Intelligence | Conseils indispensables sur les politiques TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY Tradable Services: Canada’s Overlooked Success Story
Bibliographic record
Abstract
consulting, are a rapidly increasing source of high-paying jobs for Canadians. Exports of these services from Canada have also considerably outshone goods exports since the beginning of the century. While goods production and transportation industries use relatively larger amounts of physical capital, most tradable service industries hold relatively large amount of intellectual property and employ workers with higher formal educational achievement. Although tradable services are less tangible than manufacturing, they are becoming equally important to Canada’s future competitiveness. Barriers to growth in tradable services should be removed. This means opening foreign markets to Canadian-based services industries, such as under the proposed Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with Europe and through Canada’s participation in the plurilateral Trade in Services Agreement negotiations. As well, policies aimed at bolstering the manufacturing sector should be calibrated in such a way that they take into account the need to grow well-paying jobs in all sectors, including tradable services. Services that can be sold from Canada to other countries are a source of strength for our economy, but are often neglected in economic policy discussions. Because these tradable services provide an important and growing source of well-paying jobs for Canadians, they warrant a focus on removing I gratefully acknowledge the research assistance of Omar Chatur, and thank Colin Busby, Dan Ciuriak, Ben Dachis, Finn Poschmann, Ted Wigdor, and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Responsibility for any remaining errors or omissions rests entirely with me.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.033 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.032 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.015 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".