Sault Ste. Marie, 1853-1854 and After $21.50 TO BUILD A CANAL
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nature has surrounded Lake Superior with immense and valuable forests, and has placed near its shores rich lodes of copper and, in the famed Mesabi Range, the world's largest and most accessible deposits of iron ore. But Na ture has also, by some quirk of geology and accident of geography, caused Lake Superior to have an elevation twenty-one feet higher than that of Lake Huron, into which it flows, and has connected the two by a river that, though sixty-three miles in over-all length, completes the drop in elevation in a stretch of precipitous rapids three-fourths of a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide, down which rushes 74,000 cubic feet of water per second as Superior races into Huron. The story of the construction of a bypass to this formidable natural barrier to the free passage of raw mate rials from the American Midwest to the great commercial centers of the eastern United States and beyond is the subject of this reveal ing and entertaining book. Traders who visited the area that the French had dubbed the Sault Ste. Marie had, as early as the eighteenth century, discerned the need to build a canal to circumvent the falls in the St. Mary's River, and one, of a sort, was indeed already in operation in the days of George Washington. A far more efficient waterway than this primitive expedient was clearly required, however, if the iron ore so abundant in Minnesota and Michigan was to join the coal and limestone of Ohio and Penn sylvania in the mills and furnaces surrounding the lower Great Lakes; and in 1853, after years of legislative haggling and political maneuver ing, construction of the St. Mary's Falls Canal was at last to begin. Two years later, on June 18, 1855, in the wake of labor disputes, epi demics, scandals, lawsuits, jeopardized careers, disrupted schedules, and constant financial difficulties, the steamship Illinois (Continued on back flap)
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".