Bibliographic record
Abstract
Leafy spurge is native to Europe and Asia (Moore 1958). First recorded in North America in a Massachusetts garden in 1827, leafy spurge is now found throughout the US and southern Canada, except for the southeastern and south central US (USDA-NRCS 2009, Best et al. 1980). In the western US, leafy spurge is a notorious ecological and economic pest, inhabiting more than 1.1 million acres (Di'Tomaso 2000). Direct and secondary economic losses to grazing and wildlands from leafy spurge in the Dakotas, Montana, and Wyoming have been estimated at $129 million annually (Leitch et. al. 1994). Because of climatic and vegetational differences, leafy spurge tends to be less common in eastern North America. Leafy spurge is sporadically established across the ceded territory, including northern Wisconsin, Upper Michigan, and northern Minnesota (Voss 1985, GLIFWC 2009, WIS 2009, MINN 2009), and appears to be increasing in abundance in the region. It is listed as a "prohibited and restricted noxious weed " in Michigan, a "noxious weed " in Wisconsin, and a "prohibited noxious weed " in Minnesota (MIDA 2005, WDNR 2008, MDA 2009a). Characteristics Leafy spurge is a strongly rhizomatous, herbaceous perennial (Figure 1). Shoots appear in dense
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.283 | 0.165 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".