Bibliographic record
Abstract
We compared human and bovine isolates of Salmonella enterica using antimicrobial-drug resistance profi les and pulsed-fi eld gel electrophoresis. From 2000 through 2006, we observed an increase in a novel multidrug-resistant clone of S. Typhimurium with no recognized phage type. This clone may represent an emerging epidemic strain in the Pacifi c Northwest. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis has been characterized by a pattern of dissemination of clonal Salmonella enterica. The most well-known example of this was S. enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104), a clone that emerged and disseminated globally in the 1990s (1). Other examples of epidemic clones include Salmonella serovar Wien, which spread from North Africa through Europe in the 1970s; S. Typhimurium phage type 10 (DT10), which disseminated across Canada in the 1970s; and other phage types of S. Typhimurium associated with cattle that disseminated widely in Europe during the 1980s (2). More recently, multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Agona was disseminated in poultry in Belgium; MDR S. Paratyphi B dT+ in Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands; and MDR S. Newport that harbors the plasmid-mediated AmpC resistance in the United States (3). Epidemic clones may remain largely restricted to the animal reservoir for years before their incidence rises among human infections: S. Typhimurium phage type 204c disseminated throughout the United Kingdom in cattle from 1980 through 1984, but its proportion among human S. Typhimurium infections was not high during that period (4). Some epidemic clones, for
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.193 | 0.073 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".