159 Chapter 7 Insects of Sunflower in the Northern Great Plains of North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The ancestors of cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae), are native to North America, with approximately 13 of the 51 species in the genus Helianthus reported to occur in Canada. Sunflower was introduced to Spain in the early 1500s and gradually spread across the European continent. Cultivated sunflower was then introduced from Russia into North America by Mennonite immigrants to Canada beginning about 1875. Many of the insect species that coevolved with native sunflowers have since made the transition onto commercial varieties. This transition has meant shifting from sparse patches of native Helianthus growing with other species onto large, even-aged monocultures growing at high density with synchronous flowering. Some insects have been very successful in this transition and are now economic pests. This chapter describes the biology of these insects and some of their natural enemies on native and cultivated sunflowers in the Northern Great Plains. Résumé. Les ancêtres du tournesol cultivé, Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae) sont originaires d’Amérique du Nord, et on a signalé la présence au Canada d’environ 13 des 51 espèces du genre Helianthus. Le tournesol a été introduit en Espagne au début des années 1500 et s’est graduellement répandu sur l’ensemble du continent européen. Des tournesols cultivés ont ensuite été ramenés de Russie en Amérique du Nord par des immigrants mennonites, arrivés au Canada à partir de 1875 environ. Plusieurs des espèces d’insectes qui ont coévolué avec les tournesols indigènes ont depuis vécu la transition aux variété commerciales au cours de laquelle les parcelles éparses d’Helianthus indigène poussant en compagnie d’autres espèces ont été remplacées par de vastes superficies de monoculture à haute densité et à floraison synchronisée. Certains insectes se sont bien adaptés et sont aujourd’hui devenus des ravageurs d’importance économique. Le présent chapitre décrit la biologie de ces insectes et certains de leurs ennemis naturels sur les tournesols indigènes et cultivés des grandes plaines du nord.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".