Bibliographic record
Abstract
A pinnacle reef structure is being used to demonstrate the efficiency of simultaneous CO2/H2S sequestration and enhanced oil recovery. The Zama oil field in northwestern Alberta (Figure 1) covers an area of about 300,000 acres (1200 km 2) in the Middle Devonian Zama subbasin (Figure 2). The sedimentary succession in the Zama subbasin consists, in ascending order from the Precambrian crystalline basement to the surface, of Middle and Upper Devonian carbonates, evaporites and shales, Mississippian carbonates, and Lower Cretaceous shales overlain by Quaternary glacial drift unconsolidated sediments (Figures 3 and 4). Oil production is primarily from reservoirs in pinnacle reefs of the Middle Devonian Keg River Formation (Figure 3). These reef buildups were formed in a lagoon partially surrounded by carbonate banks and fronted by the Presqu’ile barrier to the west (Figure 2). To date, over 800 pinnacles have been discovered in the Zama subbasin. The pinnacles, on average, are about 40 acres (0.16 km 2) in size at the base and about 400 ft (120 m) high. They typically consist of dolomite of variable porosity and permeability and are overlain by anhydrite of the Muskeg Formation. While some Keg River pinnacle reefs have grown directly on the underlying low-permeability Lower Keg River carbonate platform (Figure 3), resulting in hydraulic isolation of the individual pinnacle reservoirs, others rest on higher-permeability Keg River bank facies which hydraulically connects several pinnacles, resulting in pressure support from an active water drive.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.478 | 0.455 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".