Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are a group ofnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)that may reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects associated with nonselective NSAIDs.1,2 The COX-2 inhibitors celecoxib (Celebrex) and rofecoxib (Vioxx) were first listed on the Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) formulary on Apr. 17, 2000, as “limited use ” prod-ucts. Limited use means that these products are covered as a benefit only if the prescribing physician completes a form indicating that previous NSAID therapy failed or was not tolerated by the patient or that the patient has a docu-mented history of clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcer. This paper provides information on the impact of the ODB listing of COX-2 inhibitors on the costs and quantity of overall NSAID prescriptions and de-scribes some characteristics of patients who received COX-2 inhibitors as com-pared with those who received nonselec-tive NSAIDs. The analysis uses claims routinely submitted by pharmacies for all prescription drugs provided under the universal ODB plan for elderly pa-tients in Ontario, physician claims sub-mitted to the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) and census data. We used ODB claims data for indi-viduals aged 65 years and older to de-scribe drug use and costs before and af-ter the listing of COX-2 inhibitors. The combined number of prescription claims for COX-2 inhibitors and nonselective NSAIDs increased 68 % between March and November 2000, from 44 to 74 per 1000 eligible individuals. Combined monthly expenditures on NSAIDS in-creased 153 % over this period, from $2.3 million to $5.9 million. Time series analysis showed that COX-2 inhibitors were responsible for this growth (Fig. 1). COX-2 inhibitors accounted for 48 % of prescriptions and 66 % of expendi-tures for NSAIDs in the post-listing period (Apr. 18 to
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.343 | 0.194 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".