Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are a group ofnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)that may reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects associated with nonselective NSAIDs.1,2 The COX-2 inhibitors celecoxib (Celebrex) and rofecoxib (Vioxx) were first listed on the Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) formulary on Apr. 17, 2000, as “limited use ” prod-ucts. Limited use means that these products are covered as a benefit only if the prescribing physician completes a form indicating that previous NSAID therapy failed or was not tolerated by the patient or that the patient has a docu-mented history of clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcer. This paper provides information on the impact of the ODB listing of COX-2 inhibitors on the costs and quantity of overall NSAID prescriptions and de-scribes some characteristics of patients who received COX-2 inhibitors as com-pared with those who received nonselec-tive NSAIDs. The analysis uses claims routinely submitted by pharmacies for all prescription drugs provided under the universal ODB plan for elderly pa-tients in Ontario, physician claims sub-mitted to the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) and census data. We used ODB claims data for indi-viduals aged 65 years and older to de-scribe drug use and costs before and af-ter the listing of COX-2 inhibitors. The combined number of prescription claims for COX-2 inhibitors and nonselective NSAIDs increased 68 % between March and November 2000, from 44 to 74 per 1000 eligible individuals. Combined monthly expenditures on NSAIDS in-creased 153 % over this period, from $2.3 million to $5.9 million. Time series analysis showed that COX-2 inhibitors were responsible for this growth (Fig. 1). COX-2 inhibitors accounted for 48 % of prescriptions and 66 % of expendi-tures for NSAIDs in the post-listing period (Apr. 18 to
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".