Background and epidemiology: After
Bibliographic record
Abstract
declining for 2 decades, the reported rate of gonorrhea in Canada has risen by more than 40 % over the past 5 years.1 In 2001, over 6000 cases were reported, the highest burden of disease occurring among individuals less than 30 years old and among males.2,3 Globa-lly, the World Health Organization es-timated that 62 million new cases of gonorrhea occurred in 1999.4 Gonorrhea is caused by the organ-ism Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Transmission occurs through contact with secretions from infected mucosal surfaces. Com-mon clinical manifestations include urethritis and cervicitis. The incubation period varies from 1 to 10 days. Uncomplicated cases of gonorrhea can be treated with single-dose antimi-crobial therapy.5 However, the choice of therapy is limited to the more expensive third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones (FQs), such as cipro-floxacin, owing to emerging and preva-lent resistance of N. gonorrhoeae strains to antibiotics, including penicillins and tetracyclines. More recently, FQ resis-tance has emerged and become endemic in many parts of the world, which fur-ther limits therapeutic choices. FQ resistance was first identified in 1992.6 Although most prevalent in the Far East, FQ-resistant strains of N. gon-orrhoeae have now been documented in many parts of the world, including Canada.6–9 Currently, Canadian provin-cial laboratories submit all gonococcal isolates with decreased susceptibility to at least 1 antibiotic to the National Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases for further testing. In the last 5 years, the national laboratory received 3000–5000 isolates per year. In the last decade, the incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae (minimal inhibitory concentration of drug ≥ 1.0 mg/L) has increased more than 200-fold, from 0.01 % to 2.1 % (Fig. 1). In 2001, such resistance was identified in 4.4 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.5%–9.3%) of isolates tested in Atlantic
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.085 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".