Background and epidemiology: After
Bibliographic record
Abstract
declining for 2 decades, the reported rate of gonorrhea in Canada has risen by more than 40 % over the past 5 years.1 In 2001, over 6000 cases were reported, the highest burden of disease occurring among individuals less than 30 years old and among males.2,3 Globa-lly, the World Health Organization es-timated that 62 million new cases of gonorrhea occurred in 1999.4 Gonorrhea is caused by the organ-ism Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Transmission occurs through contact with secretions from infected mucosal surfaces. Com-mon clinical manifestations include urethritis and cervicitis. The incubation period varies from 1 to 10 days. Uncomplicated cases of gonorrhea can be treated with single-dose antimi-crobial therapy.5 However, the choice of therapy is limited to the more expensive third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones (FQs), such as cipro-floxacin, owing to emerging and preva-lent resistance of N. gonorrhoeae strains to antibiotics, including penicillins and tetracyclines. More recently, FQ resis-tance has emerged and become endemic in many parts of the world, which fur-ther limits therapeutic choices. FQ resistance was first identified in 1992.6 Although most prevalent in the Far East, FQ-resistant strains of N. gon-orrhoeae have now been documented in many parts of the world, including Canada.6–9 Currently, Canadian provin-cial laboratories submit all gonococcal isolates with decreased susceptibility to at least 1 antibiotic to the National Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases for further testing. In the last 5 years, the national laboratory received 3000–5000 isolates per year. In the last decade, the incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae (minimal inhibitory concentration of drug ≥ 1.0 mg/L) has increased more than 200-fold, from 0.01 % to 2.1 % (Fig. 1). In 2001, such resistance was identified in 4.4 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.5%–9.3%) of isolates tested in Atlantic
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".