NOTE Internal Medicine Successful Resolution of Esophageal Granulomas in a Dog Infected with Spirocerca lupi
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT. A 13-year-old female Labrador Retriever presented with chronic regurgitation. Radiography and computed tomography (CT) re-vealed nodules in the caudal esophagus. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy followed by histopathological examination revealed esophageal granulomas caused by Spirocerca lupi. The infection was treated with milbemycin oxime. The therapy was successful, and a remarkable reduction in granulomas was observed. This case report describes the diagnostic imaging findings and treatment outcome of a dog with S. lupi infection in Japan. KEY WORDS: esophageal granulomas, gastrointestinal endoscopy, milbemycin oxyme, Spirocerca lupi. doi: 10.1292/jvms.13-0116; J. Vet. Med. Sci. 75(12): 1629–1632, 2013 Spirocerca lupi (S. lupi) is a parasitic nematode with a tropical and subtropical distribution. This nematode has been found in many species, but it mostly affects carnivores, especially Canidae [4, 10, 12, 22]. Carnivores are infected by ingestion of beetles [1, 5]. The adult parasites live in nodules present in the esophageal wall of their hosts. With time, the parasite initiates a granulomatous reaction with esophageal granuloma formation. The nodule becomes larger and granu-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".