PEST STATUS OF WEED Spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lamarck, is
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ing three to five years on average. It infests semiarid range lands in the western United States and road-sides and fields in the eastern part of the country. Infested areas are dominated by the plant, reducing their grazing value and suppressing native plant com-munities. The plant, originally from Central Asia, has been in North America for over 120 years. Nature of Damage Economic damage. Spotted knapweed is a serious problem on rangeland, especially in the western United States. Bucher (1984) estimated that an 800,000 ha infestation in Montana was causing $4.5 million in annual forage losses, and that invasion of 13.6 million ha of vulnerable rangeland in Montana would cost cattle and sheep ranchers $155.7 million of gross revenue annually. Hirsh and Leitch (1996) reported that an 800,000 ha infestation of spotted knapweed, in combination with two knapweeds of minor importance in Montana (diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lamarck, and Russian knapweed, Acroptilon repens [L] de Candolle) was causing $14 million in direct negative impacts and $28 million in indirect effects (i.e., reduced regional economy) to the state of Montana. Harris and Cranston (1979) reported that the 30,000 ha infestation in Canada was reducing forage production more than 88%. In the northeastern and northcentral United States, the plant is primarily a problem of roadsides, fields, and waste areas (Hoebeke, 1993); economic impact of the plant in those regions has not been reported. Ecological damage. Spotted knapweed reduces livestock and wildlife forage (Thompson, 1996; Watson and Renney, 1974), increases surface water runoff and soil sedimentation (Lacey et al., 1989), and lowers plant diversity (Tyser and Key, 1988). Spot-ted knapweed produces an allelopathic compound that reduces germination of some grass species (Kelsey and Locken, 1987). Geographical Distribution Spotted knapweed is native to Europe and western Asia but has become widespread in parts of the United States and Canada. The plant occurs through-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".