The Cross-Channel Migra t ion of I r i sh Travellers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Until the late 1950s, Irish Travellers lived primarily in rural areas and travelled within relatively confined areas. With the urbanisation of the last quarter century, their traditional sources of income have dried up and they have had to adjust to very different circumstances. Emigration, whether temporary or permament, to Britain was one means of adaptation. Plentiful opportunities for unskilled labour and generous welfare benefits were the main attraction. More recently, however, Ireland has become more attractive; in particular, Irish welfare benefits are now almost on a par with those in Britain. 'his paper concerns the movement of Irish Travellers between Ireland and X. Br i ta in. I t examines the recent history and the causes o f the Travellers' migrat ion f rom Ireland and the return migrat ion o f some. I n Ireland a 1981 government census enumerated 2,432 Traveller families, an estimated 14,821 persons; i n Bri ta in the same year there were an estimated 800 nomadic Irish Traveller families or about 5,200 persons. 1 Al though their numbers are small, the nomadic Irish Traveller communi ty i n Bri ta in is a highly visible one w i t h families travelling by lor ry and trailer f rom one urban centre to the next, camping conspicuously on waste ground, park land, roadside verges and official sites. The migration patterns of Travelling People are markedly different f rom those o f settled society. For unlike housedwellers, most Travellers do not have f ixed property or steady wage employment which ties them to one
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".