'What's There to Lose? ' Procurement Policies and Investment Restrictions Under a Proposed Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For over half a century, Canada has engaged in liberalized trade with a block of European states. The first bilateral treaty between Canada and a formal European block dates back to 1959 when an agreement was negotiated between the Government of Canada and the European Atomic Energy Community in order to build co-operation for the peaceful use of atomic energy (EC and Government of Canada, 2008). Since then, numerous treaties have been signed between Canada and what is today the European Union (EU), while many more have been signed between Canada's national and sub-national governments and the EU's member states. Liberalized trade across the Atlantic has become an integral part of both parties' economies. In 2008, Canadian exports to the EU totalled C$36.1 billion, a 3.5 per cent increase over 2007 levels, while Canadian imports from the EU reached C$54.0 billion, increasing 9.5 per cent from 2007 (Government of Canada, 2008). The EU is one of Canada's most significant investment partners, second only to the United States (US). For 2007 alone, Canada's direct investment in the EU totalled C$122.8 billion (Government of Canada, 2008). Over the last number of years, the relative importance of
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.021 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".