ORIGINAL PAPER Demography of two lemming species on Bylot Island,
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Lemmings play a key role in the tundra food web and their widely reported cyclic oscillations in abun-dance may have a strong effect on other components of the ecosystem. We documented seasonal and annual variations in population density, reproductive activity, survival, and body mass of two sympatric species, the brown (Lemmus trimucronatus) and collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus), over a 2-year period on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada. We live trapped and marked lemmings on two grids throughout the summer and we estimated demographic parameters using three different capture– recapture methods. All three methods are based on robust estimators and they yielded similar population density estimates. The density of brown lemmings declined markedly between the 2 years whereas that of collared lemmings was relatively constant. For brown lemmings, 2004 was a peak year in their cycle and 2005 a decline phase. Density of brown lemmings also decreased during the summer, but not that of collared lemmings. The recruitment of juvenile brown lemmings in the population increased during the summer and was higher in the peak year than in the year after, but no change was detected in collared lemmings. Survival rates of both species tended to be lower during the peak year than in the following year and body mass of brown lemmings was higher in the peak year than in the following year. We conclude that both changes in adult survival and juvenile recruitment occur during the population decline of brown lemmings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".