2006. Analysis of ambient air quality trends at selected West Central Airshed Society stations: Tomahawk and Carrot Creek. To be presented at: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering 2006 Annual General Conference
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: This paper presents an evaluation of ambient air trends using data from two West Central Airshed Society monitoring stations in rural Alberta. Pollutants studied include O3, NO2, SO2, and PM2.5. Two approaches were examined to assess trends: (a) use of various percentiles of hourly concentration distributions from each year (50th to 98th percentiles), and (b) use of frequencies (number of hours) in which various benchmark concentrations were exceeded each year. Assuming these summary statistics to be linear in time, hypothesis tests (at = 0.05) were conducted on the best-fit lines to check whether slope of the lines was zero or not in order to indicate change. Results from these approaches clearly supported each other. At one station – Tomahawk – no statistically significant change was detected in air quality with respect to O3 and PM2.5, while SO2 and NO2 showed statistically significant decreasing trends. At the second station – Carrot Creek – SO2 exhibited statistically significant decreasing trends, while O3 and NO2 showed no change. The decreasing trends observed with SO2 at the two stations appear to be consistent with reduced natural gas flaring and venting that has been occurring in Alberta over the same time period. The period of study over which trends were examined was short – less than a decade – and changes or lack of changes observed do not necessarily provide an indication of what may happen over the long term.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".