Original Research Differences Between Only Children and Children With 1 Sibling Referred to a Psychiatric Clinic: A Test of Richards and Goodman’s Findings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since early in the 20th century, when G Stanley Hall statedthat being an only child was a disease in itself (1), many theorists and researchers have investigated whether only chil-dren differed from nononly children with regard to mental health. In general, data from community samples have been contradictory. In Quebec, Bergeron and colleagues reported that only children, especially those aged 6 to 11 years, were more at risk for mental disorders than were children with at least 1 sibling (2). In a Finnish study, only children were found to be significantly more likely to have a psychiatric dis-272 Can J Psychiatry, Vol 49, No 4, April 2004 Objective: To test Richards and Goodman’s hypothesis that a higher proportion of only children under age 5 years assessed in a psychiatric department do not present a psychiatric diagnosis, compared with preschool children with 1 sibling, and to investigate other variables relative to children in this age group with no psychiatric disorder, in light of Richards and Goodman’s findings. Method: We gathered data from 169 children under age 5 years seen in the psychiatric department of a large pediatric hospital in Montreal, Quebec. Results: First, bivariate analysis showed no differences between the proportion of only children and children with 1 sibling regarding absence of a psychiatric diagnosis. Second, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that child’s age and mother’s child-rearing attitudes were significant variables. Younger children (that is, age 0 to 2 years) and children whose mothers had “adequate ” child-rearing attitudes (that is, not exhibiting significant impatience, rejection, stubbornness, neglect, or overprotectiveness) were more likely to have no disorder. Conclusion: These findings run counter to Richards and Goodman’s results and suggest that other variables, such as child’s age and mother’s behaviour, are significant predictors of children under age 5 years having no diagnosis. (Can J Psychiatry 2004;49:272–277) Information on author affiliations appears at the end of the article.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.035 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".