ОБРАЗ УСМІХНЕННОГО КИТАЙЦЯ (ХІНЦЯ) В УЯВЛЕННІ УКРАЇНЦІВ 1920-Х РОКІВ (НА МАТЕРІАЛАХ ПЕРШИХ ПУБЛІКАЦІЙ «ВСЕСВІТУ» )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the formation of the image of Eastern people, particularly the Chinese, in the minds of Ukrainians during the first half of the 20th century, using the early issues of the "Vsesvit" magazine as a primary source. The magazine features a wide range of publications, including essays, sketches, stories, and commentary on illustrations, depicting the lives and work of individuals from the Middle Kingdom. "Vsesvit" provides a rich collection of materials from the first quarter of the 20th century, offering valuable insights for the study of this subject. The article's scientific significance lies in expanding literary discussions related to Ukrainians' perception of "other" and "foreign" worlds, specifically China and its people. Imagination plays a crucial role in this regard, as it helps interpret the images of the "other" or the "alien" and focuses on ethnic representations of various national cultures. This research aims to understand the distinctive characteristics of the image formation of individuals from a different culture in the imagination of Ukrainians at the beginning of the 20th century. The article not only identifies the distinctive traits of the Eastern individuals but also highlights the Ukrainian perspective on the people from the Middle Kingdom during that era. As is often the case, looking at others provides insights into oneself. The article explores the main character traits of individuals from the Middle Kingdom as perceived by Ukrainians, offering numerous examples of their lives in Ukraine, the Far East, and Shanghai, while also discussing the Chinese people referred to as "khodia" and "kuli" and their speech peculiarities. Employing a descriptive research method, the article traces the "struggle" reflected in the pages of "Vsesvit" regarding the names used for the Middle Kingdom: "Khina" or "Kytai" (China), "Khinets" or "Kytaiets" (Chinese). This struggle mirrors the socio-political processes of that time in Ukraine. The article also indicates the genres in which the terms "Hina" or "Kytai" were more frequently used, as well as those inclined towards "Khinets" and "Kytaiets." It is hypothesized that the magazine's narratives featuring smiling Chinese individuals were well-suited for the humor (lit. "smile" in Ukrainian) genre initiated by Ostap Vyshnya — "Chinese smiles," in a manner of speaking, — although they were not developed as a separate thematic cycle of humorous writings, or "smiles".
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".