A Detailed Study of the Mineralogy and Petrology of the Kipawa Rare Earth Elements Deposit (Canada)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Kipawa Syenite Complex is composed of peralkaline leucosyenites, mesosyenites, mafic syenites, amphibole syenites, fenites, peralkaline granite, and monzonite, with intercalated lenses of marble and skarn. The main REE-HFSE (rare earth element-high field strength element) bearing mineralogy reflects an agpaitic character and the following assemblages are observed: (1) vlasovite + gittinsite ± eudialyte ± fluorapatite ± armstrongite, (2) eudialyte + rinkite group minerals + britholite group minerals ± fluorapatite ± vlasovite ± miserite, (3) eudialyte ± Th-, Ti-, and Nb-bearing minerals, (4) rinkite group minerals + britholite group minerals ± Th-, Ti-, and Nb-bearing minerals, (5) britholite group minerals ± parisite-(Ce) ± bastnäsite-(Ce) ± monazite-(Ce) ± Nb-bearing minerals, (6) britholite group minerals + chevkinite group minerals ± bastnäsite-(Ce), and (7) xenotime-(Y) + monazite-(Ce). The occurrence of zircon, baddeleyite, and zirconolite locally in both agpaitic britholite-bearing marble and skarn may indicate a transition to a miaskitic character. Two miaskitic assemblages are observed: (1) zircon + titanite + Th-bearing minerals + Nb-bearing minerals ± baddeleyite and (2) allanite + zircon + REE-bearing/Nb-bearing minerals ± Th-bearing minerals. The crystallization of REE-bearing minerals after allanite and zircon also supports the transition. Thirty-one mineral species were analyzed, including 26 REE- and HFSE-bearing species: eudialyte, fluorapatite, britholite-(Ce), britholite-(Y), fluorbritholite-(Ce), fluorbritholite-(Y), fluorcalciobritholite, rinkite-(Ce), rinkite-(Y), mosandrite-(Ce), “mosandrite-(Y)”, vlasovite, gittinsite, zircon, miserite, armstrongite, parisite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce), parisite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), monazite-(Ce), zirconolite, and baddeleyite. Amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar crystallized early to form syenitoid and granitoid lithologies. In the skarn and marble, the paragenetic sequence is calcite, pyroxene, micas, and amphibole. The crystallization order varies in the fenites. Vlasovite and chevkinite-(Ce) are late-magmatic or metamorphic phases. The majority of eudialyte is post-magmatic, but some euhedral crystals in syenite are magmatic to late-magmatic in origin. Eudialyte is paragenetically followed by rinkite and miserite, then mosandrite and REE-bearing carbonates, REE-bearing phosphates, britholite group minerals, Nb-, Th-, and U-bearing minerals, zirconolite, baddeleyite, pectolite, and fluorapatite. Vlasovite is partially replaced by gittinsite + armstrongite + zircon, and chevkinite-(Ce) crystals have rims composed of perrierite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce), and other unidentified REE-bearing minerals. The final stage of formation involved development of fenites, which were produced by fluid-induced metasomatism and metamorphism of syenitoids and marbles. The REE and HFSE mineralization resulted from the modification of host syenites by the infiltration of an aqueous fluid rich in CO2, S, P, F, and Cl. During the tectonic juxtaposition of marble with syenitic rocks this fluid remobilized REE, HFSE, Na, Ca, Al, Mn, and Fe from magmatic rocks and mixed with Ca and CO2 from marble. The high F content favored the precipitation of F-bearing species (eudialyte, rinkite, fluorbritholite) and Ce-bearing species, followed by Y-bearing species and H2O-bearing species (e.g., mosandrite).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".