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Record W7104057871 · doi:10.3138/utlj-2025-0014

Employer reputation and the right of workers to a private life in dismissal cases: Finding the balance in Canada

2025· article· en· W7104057871 on OpenAlexvenueaboutno aff

Bibliographic record

VenueUniversity of Toronto Law Journal · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicDigital Economy and Work Transformation
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsDismissalBalance (ability)Unfair dismissalReputationTest (biology)Work–life balanceExpansiveIndustrial relations

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Dismissal of workers for their online and social media activity in circumstances that employers may consider ‘inappropriate,’ even if ‘off-duty,’ has gained much attention recently. The test to determine whether dismissal for off-duty conduct of unionized workers is justified was formulated almost sixty years ago in Millhaven, in which a worker was dismissed for coming to colleagues’ houses at 3:00 a.m. to damage their property. Despite claiming to strike a balance between employer interests and worker rights, Millhaven, and its subsequent application, places great emphasis on employer reputation – emphasis that has recently increased in prominence. In this article, we examine how technological and societal changes contributed to this increased significance and to the erosion of workers’ right to a private life. Employer reputation has become more expansive with the growth of corporate social responsibility and more volatile, yet easier to impact, with the widespread use of technology. Concurrently, technology has erased traditional boundaries between work and personal life, leading to conflicts between workers and employers over worker ‘off-duty’ conduct and what control employers should exercise over it. Protecting the right of workers to a private life in such circumstances has become more important and critical than ever before, and, therefore, Millhaven should be reformulated to restore the balance between employers and workers. We propose a new test that recognizes the importance of the right to a private life and the values it supports, such as individuality and freedom of expression. Our new twofold test strikes a proportionate balance between the right of workers to a private life and the employer’s reputational concerns and obligations to maintain an effective and inclusive workforce. Employers are required to prove that the harm to their reputation has been long-lasting, substantial, and quantifiable and that they are unable to manage the workplace without significant hardship. This principled approach should apply to all workers.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.486
Threshold uncertainty score0.175

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.006
GPT teacher head0.213
Teacher spread0.207 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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