CRIMINALIZATION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AS ATROCITY CRIMES IN ETHIOPIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In international criminal law sexual violence that happened in conflict zone are considered as atrocity crimes this includes genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Sexual violence in atrocity crime is very broad and it may be committed against women, girls, men and boys. These include rape, enforced pregnancy, enforced prostitution, enforced sterilization, sexual slavery and the like. Those acts are mostly committed by military troops against civilians for furtherance of the war or they used as a tactic of war to intimidate, humiliate and threat the community at large. Under international laws particularly in the Rome statute(ICC) acts sexual violence are recognized in broad manner than the previous instruments such as in Geneva Conventions, genocide convention, the ICTY and ICTR charters. Maney countries adopted and ratified the statute and incorporated in their domestic criminal laws and implemented. Among these DRC and Canada are incorporated and recognized sexual violence as atrocity crimes in their domestic laws and implemented them. However, when we compare the above international laws and countries laws, Ethiopia did not have comprehensive legal frame work with regard to criminalizing sexual violence as atrocity crimes. Because, in the penal code and in the revised criminal code other than recognizing rape and enforced prostitution considered as war crimes but not recognized others forms of sexual violence.The other problem is the criminal code not recognized crimes against humanity which constitute high percent of sexual violence in conflict than other atrocity crimes in our country. The other gap Ethiopia is non member to the ICC which defined sexual violence in broad and systematic manner as that of other country such as DRC and Canada that the researcher selected as a lesson for Ethiopia in comparative. This research intends to explore the extent to which Ethiopia legal fram works in criminalizing sexual violence as atrocity crimes, the challenges and its impacts in comparative particularly with ICC, DRC and Canada. The study has conducted based on analizing legal instruments and literatures, interviews and experiences of other countries comparatively. Moreover, finding of the study has revealed that the absence of comprehensive legal frame works that recognized sexual violence as atrocity crimes in our country domestically and align with international laws and these affected the prosecution of perpetrators or encouraged impunity and by this the holocaust survivors has denied justice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".