Effectiveness of Keeogo Exoskeleton-Assisted Rehabilitation on Functional Mobility in Older Adults with Multimorbidity: A Single-Arm Pilot Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shin-Ting Yeh,1,* Yu-Shan Hsieh2,* 1Graduate Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Healthcare, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; 2School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shin-Ting Yeh, Graduate Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Healthcare, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, No. 365, Ming-te Road, Peitou Dist, Taipei, 112303, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel +886-2-2822-7101 ext. 1350 / 1388, Fax +886-2-2821-4668, Email shinting@ntunhs.edu.twBackground: Mobility impairment is a common consequence of multimorbidity in older adults, especially among those with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Although robotic exoskeletons have shown promising results in neurological rehabilitation, evidence regarding their use in non-neurological multimorbid populations remains scarce.Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of Keeogo exoskeleton-assisted rehabilitation, in combination with conventional therapy, on functional mobility in older adults with multimorbidity.Patients and Methods: This single-arm pilot study recruited 13 participants aged 51– 89 years with at least two physician-diagnosed chronic conditions and lower-limb weakness. Participants completed eight sessions of conventional therapy plus Keeogo-assisted training over a 4-week period. Functional outcomes were assessed pre- and post-intervention using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Barthel Index (BI), Timed Up and Go (TUG), and Five-Time Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST).Results: Significant improvements were observed in SPPB scores (from 2.23 to 4.15, p = 0.0019), BI scores (from 52.69 to 60.00, p = 0.044), TUG (from 149.75 to 85.37 seconds, p = 0.006), and FTSST (from 65.14 to 33.85 seconds, p = 0.006). Subgroup analyses showed greater functional gains among participants with ≥ 3 chronic conditions, diabetes, or hypertension. No adverse events were reported.Conclusion: Keeogo exoskeleton-assisted rehabilitation combined with conventional therapy was feasible and associated with short-term gains in functional mobility and independence in older adults with multimorbidity. Further randomized controlled trials with larger cohorts are warranted to confirm efficacy, evaluate long-term outcomes, and determine cost-effectiveness.Keywords: multimorbidity, exoskeleton device, rehabilitation, functional mobility, geriatric patients, diabetes mellitus, hypertension
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".