Bibliographic record
Abstract
44. Acalypha rottleroides Baill. Adansonia, recueil d’observations botaniques 1: 270 (Baillon 1861).— Type: Madagascar. Prov. Antsiranana: Nossibé, 1837, M. Richard 215 (holo-, P [P00536728]). Acalypha polynema Baill., Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar Atlas, 2, fasc. 27: t. 187 (Baillon 1891). — Type: Madagascar. Baillon 1891: pl. 187, holotype. Acalypha juliflora Pax, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. Leipzig 19: 95 (Pax 1894). — Type: Madagascar. Prov. Antsiranana: Nossibé, “Urwald von Loko-bé”, XII.1879, J. M. Hildebrandt 3279 (lecto-, designated here: W[W1889-0089773]; isolecto-, JE[JE00004291], K[K000186527], P[P00536729, P00536730, P00536731]). ICONOGRAPHY. — Baillon (1891: t. 185, t. 187); Figs 65H; 69E. ETYMOLOGY. — The epithet likely refers to a resemblance to the genus Rottlera Roxb. (now treated as a synonym of Mallotus Lour.; Euphorbiaceae). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. — Endemic to Madagascar (Diana and Sava). Degraded lowland evergreen moist forest and dry deciduous forest. On Mesozoic limestone and on basement rocks. Altitudinal range 200-370 m (Fig. 66). PRELIMINARY CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT. — The EOO of Acalypha rottleroides is estimated to be 5 643 km 2, which is near to the threshold of the Endangered category, and its AOO 32 km 2. It is known from only four locations. Acalypha rottleroides grows mainly in dry deciduous forest, but in Nosy Bé this species grows in lowland evergreen moist forest. The collections found in Nosy Bé were made in 1879 and this island has been largely deforested for conversion into coffee plantations, rice fields, ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook.) orchards, and sugar cane fields (Andreone et al. 2013). Currently, the area where these specimens were collected is the National Park of Lokobé (Category II; Dudley 2008). The remaining collections of A. rottleroides were made in Ankarana Special Reserve, Loky-Manambato, and in the unprotected forests of Ambilanivy and Rangoty (Ampasindava). These areas are threatened by mining (sapphire and gold), illegal cutting of precious woods, and fires to improve grazing and agriculture (Kull 2000; Rakotondravony 2009; Goodman et al. 2018). Continued habitat loss leads us to assess A. rottleroides as Endangered: EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv). SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — 8 collections. Madagascar. Cours, G. 5626 (P[P00324530]); Hildebrandt, J.M. 3279 (G, JE[JE00004291], K[K000186527], L[L0241761], P[P00536729, P00536730, P00536731], W[W1889-0089773]); Humbert, H. 19065 (P[P00324502]); Nusbaumer, L. LN 1933 (G[G00090298], P[P05547268]), LN 2629 (G[G00180763], P[P04786259]); Ranirison, P. PR 1085 (G[G00090513], P[P05547267]); Richard, M. 181 (P[P04779559]), 215 (P[P00536728]). REFERENCES. — Müller Argoviensis (1866: 854); Baillon (1891: 182); Baillon (1895b: 1197); Baillon (1895b: 1197) as A. polynema; Palacký (1907: 25) as A. juliflora; Palacký (1907: 26) as A. polynema; Palacký (1907: 26); Nitschke (1923: 280) as A. juliflora; Pax & Hoffmann (1924: 127); Leandri (1942: 277); Govaerts et al. (2000: 70, 105) as A. juliflora; Govaerts et al. (2000: 86); Montero Muñoz et al. (2018a: 109). DESCRIPTION Shrubs, deciduous, to 2 m tall, monoecious. Branches whitish, hispid with simple, hyaline trichomes to 2 mm long, and with glandular trichomes to 1.5 mm long, glabrescent when mature but glandular trichomes persistent. Axillary buds spherical, to 1 mm diameter, perulate, perules 4, overlapping (superposed), membranous, scarious, margin irregular, glabrous. Stipules to 7 mm long, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; margin scarious, glabrous except margin ciliate with some short, glandular trichomes. Petioles (3-)3.5-7.5(-8) cm long, indumentum similar to that on young branches, hyaline trichomes deciduous. Leaf blades 7-13 × 5-7.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, thin-membranous; base cordate; apex acute to acuminate, acumen to 10 mm long; margin crenate to denticulate, teeth rounded to acute; upper and lower surfaces subglabrous, with some thin, glandular trichomes to 1.5 mm long; margin ciliate with simple, short trichomes, and with glandular trichomes to 1 mm long, venation actinodromous, basal veins 5, secondary veins 4-6 per side. Stipels absent. Inflorescences spiciform, androgynous, axillary, to 9 cm long, mostly female with short male segment (sometimes appearing female due to male segment falling); peduncle to 10 mm long, with glandular trichomes to 1 mm long. Female segment laxly flowered, to 8 cm long; bracts 6-9, sessile, enlarging in fruit to 6 × 9 mm, reniform, with glandular trichomes to 1.5 mm long; margin subentire to crenate, teeth triangular, central tooth not prominent; bracteoles absent. Male segment deciduous, to 1 cm long; flowers glomerate; bracts to 1.5 mm diameter, suborbicular, scarious, glabrous; margin irregular, papillose. Male flowers: pedicel to 0.5 mm long, glabrous; buds to 0.5 mm diameter, glabrous. Female flowers 1 per bract, sessile; sepals 3, to 1.2 mm long, triangular-lanceolate, reddish, margin irregular, with sparse glandular trichomes; ovary c. 1 mm diameter, 3-lobed, smooth, surface with some glandular trichomes to 0.5 mm long; styles 3, to 6 mm long, slightly connate at base, glabrous, each divided into 9-10 segments. Allomorphic flowers not seen. Capsules to 2.5 mm diameter, smooth, surface with sparse glandular trichomes. Seeds c. 1.5 × 1.2 mm, pyriform, minutely foveolate. NOTE Baillon designated J. M. Hildebrandt 3279 as the type of Acalypha juliflora but did not indicate the herbarium. We found six specimens of this collection, designating the best preserved of them as the lectotype.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".