Synthesis and properties of cellulose aerogels from durian peel for oil adsorption
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Agro-industrial waste represents a valuable resource, yet improper management leads to environmental pollution. This study focuses on synthesising oil-absorbing aerogels from cellulose fibres extracted from durian rind, a common agricultural waste in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Cellulose fibres were extracted by way of bleaching and alkali treatment, followed by aerogel preparation using freeze-drying with water and polyvinyl alcohol as a cross-linking agent. Hydrophobic treatment with methyltrimethoxysilane was employed by way of chemical vapour deposition. Results indicate a cellulose recovery rate of 32.32 ± 0.53% from durian rind, yielding white cellulose fibres after purification. Aerogels synthesised from these fibres exhibited a white colour, a low bulk density of 0.033 ± 0.001 g/cm3, and a high porosity of 97.70 ± 0.05%. Surface analysis revealed a random arrangement of three-dimensional fibre matrices with extensive porosity, a BET surface area of 8.84 ± 0.07 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.003 cm3/g, and an average pore diameter of 20.73 nm. The aerogel exhibited outstanding water-repellent characteristics, achieving a water contact angle of 149° and an oil absorption capacity of 34.91 ± 0.67 g/g.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".