Longitudinal Changes in Physical Performance and Strength in People with CKD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: We evaluated changes in physical performance and grip strength in a cohort of people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study assessed grip strength (kg) and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (score 0-12) and its components: gait speed (meters/second), 5-repetition chair stands (seconds), and balance stands at intervals of 2-3 years. Mixed-effects linear models estimated annual changes in performance and strength (or collectively, physical function), adjusted for age (per 10 years), sex, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) groups (≥60, 45 to <60, 30 to <45, <30 or end-stage kidney disease). We compared differences in change by age, sex, and eGFR group. Performance tests and strength were categorized as abnormal based on published cut off values. Results: Among 3,955 participants (mean age 62 years), baseline physical function was abnormal for 10-60%, and the prevalence increased monotonically for CKD stages. See Figure 1: SPPB abnormality prevalence. Over a median follow up 8.5 years, on average, physical function declined. Over time, a 10-year increase in age was associated with physical function changes similar in magnitude to each lower eGFR group, compared to eGFR >60: gait speed declined 0.005 m/s per decade vs. decline of 0.008, 0.01, and 0.02 m/s per lower eGFR group; male grip strength declined 0.16 kg/decade vs. 0.16, 0.31, and 0.50 kg per lower eGFR group; chair stand increased by 0.04 sec/decade vs. 0.06, 0.11, and 0.13 sec per lower eGFR group; SPPB score declined by 0.06 per decade vs 0.08, 0.15, and 0.19 decline per lower eGFR group. Conclusion: In individuals with CKD, a 10-year increase in age produced physical function declines comparable in magnitude to the change associated with a 15 ml/min/1.73m^2 decline in eGFR. Abnormal physical function was highly prevalent at baseline and worsened over time, especially with more advanced CKD, underscoring the clinical importance of routine physicla function assessments in CKD. Funding: NIDDK Support
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".