Bibliographic record
Abstract
Family Esocidae Pikes The family comprises three genera (Esox, Dallia, Novumbra) related to salmonid fishes and the mudminnows of the family Umbridae. Esox, comprises seven species, three of which are endemic to North America and two endemic to Europe. They are highly distinctive, predatory fishes with a large, duckbill-like snout and dorsal and anal fins located far back on the body. Esox lucius, native to North America and Eurasia; E. cisalpinus, endemic to Italy; and E. aquitanicus, endemic to France, are species known from the West Palearctic. Additionally, E. reichertii is endemic to the Amur basin in Russia, Mongolia, and China. Pikes have a rich fossil record, spanning from the Late Cretaceous to the Holocene and covering much of the northern hemisphere. The first species of Esox (E. tiemani) was discovered in the Palaeocene of Alberta and Saskatchewan (Canada), estimated to be approximately 62 million years old. Fossils of Esox from the Eocene and later periods are also well documented in Europe. Due to its commercial value, E. lucius has been introduced locally in West Asia. In Spain, the introduction of E. lucius has resulted in the local extirpation of almost all native fish species, where Esox maintain high population densities and feed predominantly on crayfish (also introduced). The ecological effects of non-native pike in West Asia still need to be studied. Further reading. Crossman 1978 (systematics); Wilson 1980 (fossil pikes); Denys et al. 2014 (species diversity).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.049 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".